Ke hoʻohana nei i nā metasurfaces e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka loaʻa a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā antenna PCB wideband no nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio 5G sub-6 GHz.

Hāʻawi kēia hana i kahi antenna wideband multi-input multi-input multi-input (MIMO) metasurface (MS) wideband no nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio uea ʻole ma lalo o 6 GHz lima o ka hanauna (5G). ʻO ka mea hou loa o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ia ka bandwidth hana ākea, ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻae liʻiliʻi intercomponent, a me ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi loa i loko o nā ʻāpana MIMO. Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ka wahi hoʻomālamalama o ka antenna i ka diagonal, ʻāpana ʻāpana, a hoʻohana ʻia nā metasurfaces e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o ka antenna. ʻO ka prototype i manaʻo ʻia i hoʻohui ʻia i ka MS antenna hoʻokahi he mau ana liʻiliʻi o 0.58λ × 0.58λ × 0.02λ. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻohālikelike a me ke ana ʻana i ka hana wideband mai 3.11 GHz a i 7.67 GHz, me ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa o 8 dBi. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻōnaehana MIMO ʻehā ʻehā i ʻoki ʻia kēlā me kēia antenna i kekahi i kekahi me ka mālama ʻana i ka nui compact a me ka hana wideband mai 3.2 a i 7.6 GHz. Ka MIMO prototype i manaoia a fabricated ma Rogers RT5880 substrate me ka haʻahaʻa poho a me ka miniaturized ana o 1.05? 1.05? 0.02?, a ua loiloi ʻia kāna hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahu resonator apo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i manaʻo ʻia me kahi apo māhele 10 x 10. Ua like ka mea kumu. ʻO ka metasurface backplane i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻemi nui i ka antenna back radiation a hoʻopunipuni i nā kahua electromagnetic, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka bandwidth, loaʻa, a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea MIMO. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā antenna MIMO i loaʻa, loaʻa i ka antenna 4-port MIMO i manaʻo ʻia i ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe o 8.3 dBi me ka awelika holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa a hiki i 82% i ka 5G sub-6 GHz band a ua ʻae maikaʻi me nā hopena i ana ʻia. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia ka antenna MIMO i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka hana maikaʻi loa e pili ana i ka envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) o lalo o 0.004, diversity gain (DG) ma kahi o 10 dB (>9.98 dB) a me ke kaʻawale kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā mea MIMO (>15.5 dB). hiʻona. No laila, hōʻoia ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia e MS i kona kūpono no nā pūnaewele kamaʻilio sub-6 GHz 5G.
ʻO ka ʻenehana 5G kahi holomua maikaʻi loa i nā kamaʻilio uila e hiki ai i nā pūnaewele wikiwiki a paʻa loa no nā piliona o nā mea pili, hāʻawi i nā ʻike mea hoʻohana me ka "zero" latency (latency o lalo o 1 millisecond), a hoʻolauna i nā ʻenehana hou, me ka uila. Ka mālama kino, ka hoʻonaʻauao naʻauao. , nā kūlanakauhale akamai, nā home akamai, virtual reality (VR), nā hale hana akamai a me ka Internet of Vehicles (IoV) e hoʻololi nei i ko mākou ola, ka nohona a me nā ʻoihana1,2,3. Ua puunaue ka US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) i ka spectrum 5G i eha mau kaha alapine4. ʻO ke alapine alapine ma lalo o 6 GHz he mea hoihoi ia i ka poʻe noiʻi no ka mea hiki iā ia ke kamaʻilio lōʻihi me nā helu ʻikepili kiʻekiʻe5,6. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana kikoʻī sub-6 GHz 5G no nā kamaʻilio 5G honua ma ka Figure 1, e hōʻike ana e noʻonoʻo ana nā ʻāina āpau i ka spectrum sub-6 GHz no nā kamaʻilio 5G7,8. He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā Antennas o nā pūnaewele 5G a e koi aku i nā kikowaena kumu a me nā antenna terminal mea hoʻohana.
Loaʻa i nā microstrip patch antennas nā mea maikaʻi o ka lahilahi a me ka hoʻolālā pālahalaha, akā ua kaupalena ʻia i ka bandwidth a me ka loaʻa9,10, no laila ua nui ka noiʻi e hoʻonui i ka loaʻa a me ka bandwidth o ka antenna; I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā metasurfaces (MS) i nā ʻenehana antenna, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka loaʻa a me ka throughput11,12, akā naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia kēia mau antenna i hoʻokahi awa; He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻenehana MIMO no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i nā antenna he nui i ka manawa like no ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻikepili, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā helu data, spectral efficiency, channel capacity, and reliability13,14,15. ʻO nā antenna MIMO he mau moho no nā noi 5G no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouna a loaʻa i ka ʻikepili ma nā kahawai he nui me ka ʻole o ka mana hou16,17. ʻO ka hopena hui like ma waena o nā ʻāpana MIMO e pili ana i kahi o nā mea MIMO a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka antenna MIMO, he mea paʻakikī nui ia no nā mea noiʻi. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 18, 19, a me 20 i nā antenna MIMO like ʻole e hana ana ma ka band 5G sub-6 GHz, e hōʻike ana nā mea āpau i ka kaʻawale MIMO maikaʻi a me ka hana. Eia naʻe, haʻahaʻa ka loaʻa a me ka bandwidth hana o kēia mau ʻōnaehana i manaʻo ʻia.
ʻO nā metamaterials (MMs) he mau mea hou i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano a hiki ke hoʻopunipuni i nā nalu electromagnetic, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana o nā antennas21,22,23,24. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo MM i ka ʻenehana antenna e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ʻano radiation, bandwidth, gain, a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā mea antenna a me nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio uila, e like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma 25, 26, 27, 28. metasurface, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka ʻāpana antenna ma waena o ka metasurface a me ka lepo me ka ʻole o ka ea, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana MIMO. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia hoʻolālā, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana ʻana a me ke ʻano paʻakikī. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi bandgap electromagnetic (EBG) a me ka loop ground i loko o ka antenna MIMO wideband 2-port i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea MIMO30. ʻO ka antenna i hoʻolālā ʻia he maikaʻi nā hana like ʻole MIMO a me ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi loa ma waena o ʻelua mau antenna MIMO, akā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua mau mea MIMO, e haʻahaʻa ka loaʻa. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻolauna pū ʻo in31 i kahi antenna MIMO lua-lua (UWB) a ua noiʻi i kāna hana MIMO me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā metamaterial. ʻOiai hiki i kēia antenna ke hana i ka UWB, he haʻahaʻa kona loaʻa a ʻilihune ka kaʻawale ma waena o nā antenna ʻelua. Hoʻolālā ka hana in32 i kahi ʻōnaehana 2-port MIMO e hoʻohana ana i nā mea hoʻonaninani electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) e hoʻonui i ka loaʻa. ʻOiai he kiʻekiʻe ka loaʻa ʻana o ka antenna array i hoʻomohala ʻia a me ka hana ʻokoʻa MIMO maikaʻi, ʻo kona nui nui ka mea paʻakikī ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā polokalamu kamaʻilio e hiki mai ana. Ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi antenna broadband e pili ana i ka reflector ma 33, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka reflector ma lalo o ka antenna me kahi ākea 22 mm nui aʻe, e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 4.87 dB. Hoʻolālā ʻo Pepa 34 i ʻehā mau awa MIMO antenna no nā noi mmWave, i hoʻohui ʻia me ka papa MS e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO. Eia naʻe, hāʻawi kēia antenna i ka waiwai maikaʻi a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, akā ua kaupalena ʻia ka bandwidth a me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi ʻole ma muli o ka nui o ka ea. Pēlā nō, i ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi antenna MIMO i hoʻohui ʻia he ʻekolu-pā, 4-port bowtie-shaped metasurface-integrated no nā kamaʻilio mmWave me ka loaʻa ʻana o 7.4 dBi. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo B36 MS ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi antenna 5G e hoʻonui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka antenna, kahi e hana ai ka metasurface ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohālike. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe asymmetric ka hoʻolālā MS a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana cell unit.
Wahi a nā hopena loiloi i luna, ʻaʻohe o nā antenna i luna i loaʻa kiʻekiʻe, kaʻawale maikaʻi loa, ka hana MIMO a me ka uhi ākea ākea. No laila, aia nō ka pono no ka metasurface MIMO antenna hiki ke uhi i kahi ākea o nā alapine spectrum 5G ma lalo o 6 GHz me ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka kaʻawale. Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā palena o nā palapala i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana antenna MIMO ʻehā-element me ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana like ʻole maikaʻi loa no nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio kelepona ʻole sub-6 GHz. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia i kahi kaʻawale maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā ʻāpana MIMO, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a me ka pono radiation kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ka ʻāpana antenna i ka diagonally a kau ʻia ma luna o ka metasurface me kahi ea ea 12mm, e hōʻike ana i ka radiation hope mai ka antenna a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka loaʻa antenna a me ka kuhikuhi. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka antenna hoʻokahi i manaʻo ʻia e hana i kahi antenna MIMO ʻehā-element me ka hana MIMO kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kēlā me kēia antenna orthogonally i kekahi. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka antenna MIMO i hoʻomohala ʻia ma luna o kahi pūʻulu 10 × 10 MS me kahi backplane keleawe e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana hoʻokuʻu. Hōʻike ka hoʻolālā i kahi laulā hana ākea (3.08-7.75 GHz), loaʻa kiʻekiʻe o 8.3 dBi a me ka awelika kiʻekiʻe holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa o 82%, a me ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi loa ma mua o −15.5 dB ma waena o nā mea antenna MIMO. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka antenna MIMO i hoʻokumu ʻia e MS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 3D electromagnetic software package CST Studio 2019 a hōʻoia ʻia ma o nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua.
Hāʻawi kēia ʻāpana i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī i ka hoʻolālā i manaʻo ʻia a me ke ʻano hoʻolālā antenna hoʻokahi. Eia kekahi, ua kūkākūkā nui ʻia nā hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a nānā ʻia, me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā ʻāpana, ka loaʻa, a me ka pono holoʻokoʻa me ka ʻole o ka metasurfaces. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka antenna prototype ma kahi Rogers 5880 haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa dielectric substrate me ka mānoanoa o 1.575mm me kahi dielectric mau o 2.2. No ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hoʻolālā, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka electromagnetic simulator package CST studio 2019.
Hōʻike ka kiʻi 2 i ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā o kahi antenna mea hoʻokahi. Wahi a nā hoʻohālikelike makemakika maikaʻi 37, aia ka antenna i kahi laina hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana i ka laina a me kahi mokulele lepo keleawe (e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma ka ʻanuʻu 1) a hoʻopili ʻia me kahi bandwidth haiki loa ma 10.8 GHz, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3b. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui mua o ka radiator antenna e ka pilina makemakika aʻe37:
Ma kahi o \(P_{L}\) a me \(P_{w}\) ka lōʻihi a me ka laula o ka pā, c hōʻike ana i ka wikiwiki o ka malamalama, \(\gamma_{r}\) ka mea mau dielectric o ke pani. . , \(\gamma_{reff }\) hō'ike 'ia ka waiwai dielectric pono o ke kiko kukuna, \(\Delta L\) 'o ia ka ho'ololi 'ana i ka loa kiko. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka antenna backplane i ka lua o ka pae, e hoʻonui ana i ka bandwidth impedance ʻoiai ʻo ka bandwidth impedance haʻahaʻa loa o 10 dB. Ma ke kolu o ka pae, ua ne'e ke kulana feeder i ka akau, e hoonui i ka impedance bandwidth a me ka impedance pili ana o ka antenna i manaoia38. I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka antenna i kahi bandwidth hana maikaʻi loa o 4 GHz a uhi pū i ka spectrum ma lalo o 6 GHz ma 5G. ʻO ka ʻehā a me ka pae hope e pili ana i ke kālai ʻana i nā ʻāpana huinaha ma nā kihi kūʻē o ka wahi radiation. Hoʻonui nui kēia slot i ka bandwidth 4.56 GHz e uhi i ka spectrum sub-6 GHz 5G mai 3.11 GHz a i 7.67 GHz, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3b. Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona mua a me lalo o ka hoʻolālā i manaʻo ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3a, a ʻo nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā i makemake ʻia e like me kēia: SL = 40 mm, Pw = 18 mm, PL = 18 mm, gL = 12 mm, fL = 11. mm, fW = 4 .7 mm, c1 = 2 mm, c2 = 9.65 mm, c3 = 1.65 mm.
(a) Nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe a me hope o ka antenna hoʻokahi i hoʻolālā ʻia (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019). (b) ka pihi S-parameter.
ʻO ka metasurface kahi huaʻōlelo e pili ana i kahi ʻano o nā pūnaewele i loaʻa ma kahi mamao mai kekahi i kekahi. He ala maikaʻi nā Metasurfaces e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana radiation antenna, me ka bandwidth, loaʻa, a me ka kaʻawale ma waena o nā mea MIMO. Ma muli o ka mana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nalu ʻili, hoʻopuka nā metasurfaces i nā resonances hou e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana antenna39. Hāʻawi kēia hana i kahi ʻāpana epsilon-negative metamaterial (MM) e hana ana ma ka hui 5G ma lalo o 6 GHz. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka MM me kahi ʻāpana o 8mm × 8mm ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa Rogers 5880 substrate me kahi dielectric mau o 2.2 a me ka mānoanoa o 1.575mm. ʻO ka MM resonator patch i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he apo ʻāpana pōʻai i loko i hoʻopili ʻia i ʻelua apo i hoʻololi ʻia i waho, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 4a. Hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Figure 4a i nā ʻāpana hope loa o ka hoʻonohonoho MM i manaʻo ʻia. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻāpana metasurface 40 × 40 × 40 mm a me 80 × 80 mm me ka ʻole o ka backplane keleawe a me ka backplane keleawe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 5 × 5 a me 10 × 10 cell arrays, kēlā me kēia. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana MM i manaʻo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu hoʻohālike electromagnetic 3D "CST studio suite 2019". Hōʻike ʻia kahi prototype i hana ʻia o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho MM i manaʻo ʻia a me ka hoʻonohonoho ana ʻana (lua-port network analyzer PNA and waveguide port) i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4b e hōʻoia i nā hopena hoʻohālikelike CST ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka pane maoli. Ua hoʻohana ka hoʻonohonoho ana ʻana i ka Agilent PNA series network analyzer i hui pū ʻia me ʻelua waveguide coaxial adapters (A-INFOMW, helu hapa: 187WCAS) e hoʻouna a loaʻa nā hōʻailona. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia kahi prototype 5 × 5 ma waena o ʻelua mau mea hoʻololi coaxial waveguide i hoʻopili ʻia e ke kaula coaxial i kahi mea hoʻoponopono pūnaewele ʻelua-port (Agilent PNA N5227A). Hoʻohana ʻia ka pahu calibration Agilent N4694-60001 no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mea hoʻoponopono pūnaewele ma kahi mea kanu hoʻokele. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻopuehu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a me CST o ka prototype MM array i manaʻo ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5a. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā MM i manaʻo ʻia ma ka pae alapine 5G ma lalo o 6 GHz. ʻOiai ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka bandwidth o 10 dB, ua like loa nā hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a hoʻokolohua. ʻO ke alapine resonant, bandwidth, a me ka amplitude o ka resonance i ʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa iki mai nā mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Figure 5a. ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hopena i ʻike ʻia a i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma muli o nā hemahema o ka hana ʻana, nā ʻae liʻiliʻi ma waena o ka prototype a me nā awa alakaʻi nalu, nā hopena hoʻohui ma waena o nā awa alakaʻi nalu a me nā ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho, a me nā ʻae ʻana. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻokomo pono ʻana o ka prototype i kūkulu ʻia ma waena o nā awa alakaʻi nalu i ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua hiki ke hopena i kahi hoʻololi resonance. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia ka walaʻau i makemake ʻole ʻia i ka wā o ka calibration phase, kahi i alakaʻi ai i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hopena helu a me nā ana. Eia nō naʻe, ma waho o kēia mau pilikia, hana maikaʻi ka prototype array MM i manaʻo ʻia ma muli o ka pilina ikaika ma waena o ka simulation a me ka hoʻokolohua, kūpono ia no nā noi kamaʻilio uila sub-6 GHz 5G.
(a) ʻĀpana pūnaewele hui (S1 = 8 mm, S2 = 7 mm, S3 = 5 mm, f1, f2, f4 = 0.5 mm, f3 = 0.75 mm, h1 = 0.5 mm, h2 = 1 .75 mm) (CST STUDIO SUITE) ) 2019) (b) Kiʻi o ka hoʻonohonoho ana MM.
(a) ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana hoʻopuehu o ka prototype metamaterial. (b) Pipi mau dielectric o kahi keena wae MM.
Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻāpana kūpono kūpono e like me ka paʻa dielectric maikaʻi, ka permeability magnetic, a me ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi refractive me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hana hope i kūkulu ʻia o ka simulator electromagnetic CST no ka nānā hou ʻana i ke ʻano o ka cell unit MM. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana MM kūpono mai nā ʻāpana hoʻopuehu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana hou ikaika. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike hoʻoili a me ka noʻonoʻo: (3) a me (4) no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka index refractive a me ka impedance (e nānā i ka 40).
ʻO nā ʻāpana maoli a me ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea hoʻohana e hōʻike ʻia e (.)' a me (.)” kēlā me kēia, a ʻo ka helu helu m pili i ka helu kuhikuhi refractive maoli. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻomau a me ka permeability dielectric e nā ʻano helu \(\varepsilon {} = {}n/z,\) a me \(\mu = nz\), i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o ka impedance a me ka helu kuhikuhi. Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi paʻa dielectric kūpono o ka hale MM ma ke Kiʻi 5b. Ma ke alapine resonant, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka dielectric mau. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 6a,b i nā waiwai i unuhi ʻia o ka permeability kūpono (μ) a me ka index refractive pono (n) o ka cell unit i manaʻo ʻia. ʻO ka mea nui, hōʻike nā permeabilities i lawe ʻia i nā waiwai maoli kūpono kokoke i ka zero, e hōʻoia ana i nā waiwai epsilon-negative (ENG) o ka hoʻolālā MM i manaʻo ʻia. Eia kekahi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 6a, pili ikaika ka resonance ma ka permeability kokoke i ka zero i ka resonant frequency. ʻO ka pūnaewele i hoʻomohala ʻia he helu helu refractive maikaʻi ʻole (Fig. 6b), ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka MM i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana antenna21,41.
Ua hana ʻia ka prototype i kūkulu ʻia o kahi antenna broadband e hoʻāʻo hoʻokolohua i ka hoʻolālā i manaʻo ʻia. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 7a, b i nā kiʻi o ka antenna hoʻokahi prototype i manaʻo ʻia, kona mau ʻāpana hana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kahua kokoke (SATIMO). No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana antenna, waiho ʻia ka metasurface i kūkulu ʻia i nā papa ma lalo o ka antenna, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 8a, me ke kiʻekiʻe h. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi metasurface pālua ʻelua 40mm x 40mm ma hope o ka antenna hoʻokahi ma 12mm mau manawa. Eia kekahi, kau ʻia kahi metasurface me kahi backplane ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka antenna hoʻokahi ma kahi mamao o 12 mm. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metasurface, hōʻike ka antenna hoʻokahi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i ka hana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2. Nā Kiʻi 8 a me 9. Hōʻike ka Figure 8b i nā ʻāpana hoʻohālike i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a ana ʻia no ka antenna hoʻokahi me ka ʻole a me nā metasurfaces. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ke kāʻei uhi o kahi antenna me kahi metasurface e like loa me ka uhi uhi o kahi antenna me ka ʻole o ka metasurface. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 9a, b i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka antenna hoʻokahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a ʻike ʻia a me ka hana holoʻokoʻa me ka ʻole a me MS i ka spectrum hana. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka antenna non-metasurface, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka antenna metasurface, e piʻi ana mai 5.15 dBi a i 8 dBi. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka metasurface one-layer, ʻelua-layer metasurface, a me ka antenna hoʻokahi me backplane metasurface i hoʻonui ʻia e 6 dBi, 6.9 dBi, a me 8 dBi. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā metasurfaces ʻē aʻe (hoʻokahi-layer a ʻelua-layer MC), ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi antenna metasurface hoʻokahi me kahi backplane keleawe a hiki i 8 dBi. I kēia hihia, hana ka metasurface ma ke ʻano he reflector, e hōʻemi ana i ka radiation hope o ka antenna a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā hawewe electromagnetic in-phase, ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka pono radiation o ka antenna a no laila ka loaʻa. Hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina o ka pono holoʻokoʻa o kahi antena hoʻokahi me ka ʻole a me nā metasurfaces i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 9b. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka pono o kahi antenna me ka ʻole o ka metasurface ua aneane like. Ma ke alapine haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, emi iki ka hana antenna. ʻO ka loaʻa hoʻokolohua a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia a me nā ʻāpana kūpono i ʻaelike maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia ma muli o nā hemahema o ka hana ʻana, nā ʻae ʻana i ke ana, ka nalowale o ka port port SMA, a me ka nalowale uea. Eia kekahi, aia ka antenna a me MS reflector ma waena o nā spacers nylon, ʻo ia kekahi pilikia e pili ana i nā hopena i ʻike ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hopena simulation.
Hōʻike ke kiʻi (a) i ka antenna hoʻokahi i hoʻopau ʻia a me kāna mau mea pili. (b) Ka hoʻonohonoho ana ʻana ma kahi kokoke (SATIMO).
(a) Antenna excitation me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike metasurface (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019). (b) Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o kahi antena hoʻokahi me ka ʻole a me MS.
Nā hopena hoʻohālikelike a me ke ana ʻana o (a) ka loaʻa i loaʻa a (b) ka pono holoʻokoʻa o ka antenna hopena metasurface i manaʻo ʻia.
Ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka beam me MS. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā ana hoʻokahi-antenna kokoke i ka SATIMO Near-Field Experimental Environment o ka UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 10a, b i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoheheʻe E-plane a me ka H-plane i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma 5.5 GHz no ka antenna hoʻokahi i manaʻo ʻia me MS a me MS. Hāʻawi ka antenna hoʻokahi i hoʻomohala ʻia (me ka ʻole o MS) i ke ʻano hoʻohālike bidirectional radiation me nā waiwai lobe ʻaoʻao. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hōʻike manaʻo MS i manaʻo ʻia, hāʻawi ka antenna i kahi hiʻohiʻona unidirectional radiation a hoʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā lobes hope, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā Kiʻi 10a, b. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike antenna hoʻokahi i manaʻo ʻia a me ka unidirectional me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i kahi metasurface me kahi backplane keleawe. ʻO ka MM array reflector i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻemi i ka lobes hope a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka antenna i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana radiation ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ke au i nā kuhikuhi unidirectional (Fig. 10a, b), ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka loaʻa a me ka kuhikuhi. Ua ʻike ʻia ua aneane like ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻohālikelike CST, akā ua ʻano liʻiliʻi ma muli o ke kuhi hewa ʻana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole i hui pū ʻia, nā ʻae ʻana o ke ana, a me nā poho o ke kaula. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi spacer nylon ma waena o ka antenna a me ka reflector MS, ʻo ia kekahi pilikia e pili ana i nā hopena i ʻike ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hopena helu.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia ke ʻano radiation o ka antenna hoʻokahi i kūkulu ʻia (me ka ʻole o MS a me MS) ma ke alapine o 5.5 GHz.
Hōʻike ʻia ka geometry antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 11 a me ʻehā mau antenna hoʻokahi. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻehā o ka antenna MIMO i ka orthogonally i kekahi i kekahi ma kahi substrate o nā ana 80 × 80 × 1.575 mm, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 11. ʻO ka antenna MIMO i hoʻolālā ʻia he 22 mm ka mamao o waena, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka kokoke loa e pili ana i ka mamao waena o ka antenna. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka antenna MIMO. Eia kekahi, aia kahi ʻāpana o ka mokulele honua ma ke ʻano like me kahi antenna hoʻokahi. Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai hoʻohālikelike o nā antenna MIMO (S11, S22, S33, a me S44) i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 12a i ke ʻano like me kahi antenna ʻeleʻele hoʻokahi e kani ana i ka hui 3.2-7.6 GHz. No laila, ʻo ka bandwidth impedance o kahi antenna MIMO e like like me ka antenna hoʻokahi. ʻO ka hopena hoʻohui ma waena o nā ʻāpana MIMO ke kumu nui o ka nalowale o ka bandwidth liʻiliʻi o nā antenna MIMO. Hōʻike ka Figure 12b i ka hopena o ka pilina ma nā ʻāpana MIMO, kahi i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā mea MIMO. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā antennas 1 a me 2 ka haʻahaʻa loa ma kahi o -13.6 dB, a ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā antennas 1 a me 4 ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma kahi o -30.4 dB. Ma muli o kona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka bandwidth ākea, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kēia antenna MIMO a haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. He haʻahaʻa ka insulation, no laila pono ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka insulation;
Hoʻolālā ʻenehana o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia (a) ʻike luna a me (b) mokulele honua. (CST Studio Suite 2019).
Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho geometric a me ke ʻano hoʻohiwahiwa o ka antenna metasurface MIMO i manaʻo ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 13a. Hoʻolālā ʻia kahi matrix 10x10mm me nā ana o 80x80x1.575mm no ka ʻaoʻao hope o kahi antenna MIMO kiʻekiʻe 12mm, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 13a. Hoʻohui ʻia, manaʻo ʻia nā metasurfaces me nā backplanes keleawe no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antenna MIMO e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana. He mea koʻikoʻi ka mamao ma waena o ka metasurface a me ka antenna MIMO no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e ʻae ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana i waena o nā nalu i hana ʻia e ka antenna a me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia mai ka metasurface. Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻohālike nui e hoʻopaʻa i ke kiʻekiʻe ma waena o ka antenna a me ka metasurface aʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana hawewe haʻahaʻa no ka loaʻa nui a me ka kaʻawale ma waena o nā mea MIMO. ʻO nā hoʻomaikaʻi koʻikoʻi i ka hana antenna MIMO i loaʻa ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā metasurfaces me nā backplanes i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā metasurfaces me ka ʻole o nā backplanes e hōʻike ʻia ma nā mokuna aʻe.
(a) CST simulation setup o ka MIMO antenna i manaʻo ʻia me MS (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019), (b) Reflectance curves o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i kūkulu ʻia me MS a me MS.
Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā antenna MIMO me ka ʻole o ka metasurfaces ma ke Kiʻi 13b, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ʻo S11 a me S44 ma muli o ke ʻano like ʻole o nā antenna āpau i ka ʻōnaehana MIMO. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka -10 dB impedance bandwidth o kahi antenna MIMO me ka ʻole a me kahi metasurface hoʻokahi ʻaneʻane like. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka bandwidth impedance o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia e ka MS ʻelua-layer a me ka backplane MS. He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻole me ka ʻole o MS, hāʻawi ka antenna MIMO i kahi bandwidth fractional o 81.5% (3.2-7.6 GHz) e pili ana i ke alapine waena. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka MS me ka mokulele hope e hoʻonui i ka bandwidth impedance o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia i 86.3% (3.08–7.75 GHz). ʻOiai ua hoʻonui ka MS ʻelua-layer i ka throughput, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka MS me kahi backplane keleawe. Eia kekahi, hoʻonui ka MC pālua i ka nui o ka antenna, hoʻonui i kona kumukūʻai, a hoʻopaʻa i kona laulā. Hana ʻia a hōʻoia ʻia ka antenna MIMO i hoʻolālā ʻia a me ka metasurface reflector e hōʻoia i nā hopena simulation a loiloi i ka hana maoli. Hōʻike ka Figure 14a i ka papa MS i hana ʻia a me ka antenna MIMO me nā ʻāpana like ʻole i hui pū ʻia, aʻo ka Figure 14b e hōʻike ana i ke kiʻi o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i kūkulu ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka antenna MIMO ma luna o ka metasurface me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā spacer nylon ʻehā, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 14b. Hōʻike ka Figure 15a i kahi kiʻi o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua kokoke kokoke i ka ʻōnaehana antenna MIMO i kūkulu ʻia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea nānā pūnaewele PNA (Agilent Technologies PNA N5227A) no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻāpana hoʻopuehu a no ka loiloi a ʻike ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokuʻu kokoke i ke kahua ma UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory.
(a) Nā kiʻi o SATIMO ana kokoke i ke kahua (b) Nā ʻōkuhi hoʻokolohua a me ka hoʻokolohua o S11 MIMO antenna me MS a ʻole.
Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana i kahi haʻawina hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻāpana S i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a nānā ʻia o ka antenna 5G MIMO i manaʻo ʻia. Hōʻike ka Figure 15b i ka hoʻolālā hoʻohālikelike hoʻokolohua o ka 4-element MIMO MS antenna i hoʻohui ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hopena simulation CST. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻike hoʻokolohua e like me nā helu CST, akā ua ʻokoʻa iki ma muli o nā hemahema o ka hana ʻana a me nā ʻae hoʻokolohua. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nānā ʻana o ka MIMO prototype i manaʻo ʻia e uhi ana i ka spectrum 5G ma lalo o 6 GHz me kahi bandwidth impedance o 4.8 GHz, ʻo ia ka mea hiki i nā noi 5G. Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa iki ke alapine resonant i ana ʻia, ka bandwidth, a me ka amplitude mai nā hopena simulation CST. ʻO nā hemahema o ka hana ʻana, nā poho hui coax-to-SMA, a me nā hoʻonohonoho ana waho hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā hopena i ana ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai kēia mau hemahema, hana maikaʻi ka MIMO i manaʻo ʻia, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻaelike ikaika ma waena o nā simulation a me nā ana, e kūpono ana ia no nā noi uila sub-6 GHz 5G.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōkuhi loaʻa antenna MIMO i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a nānā ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 2 a me 2. E like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā Kiʻi 16a,b a me 17a,b, ua hōʻike ʻia ka launa pū ʻana o nā mea MIMO. Ke hoʻohana ʻia nā metasurfaces i nā antenna MIMO, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā antenna MIMO. Hōʻike nā ʻāpana hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā mea antenna pili S12, S14, S23 a me S34 i nā pihi like, aʻo ka diagonal MIMO antennas S13 a me S42 e hōʻike ana i kahi kaʻawale kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka mamao ma waena o lākou. Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoili hoʻohālikelike o nā antenna pili ma ke Kiʻi 16a. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka 5G hana spectrum ma lalo o 6 GHz, ka palena haʻahaʻa o kahi antenna MIMO me ka ʻole o ka metasurface ʻo -13.6 dB, a no kahi metasurface me kahi backplane - 15.5 dB. Hōʻike ka pākuʻi loaʻa (Figure 16a) i ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana o ka metasurface backplane i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā mea antenna MIMO i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā metasurfaces hoʻokahi a ʻelua. Ma nā mea antenna e pili ana, hāʻawi nā metasurfaces hoʻokahi a me ka papalua i kahi kaʻawale liʻiliʻi ma kahi o -13.68 dB a me -14.78 dB, a hāʻawi ka metasurface keleawe backplane ma kahi o -15.5 dB.
Nā ʻōkuhi kaʻawale hoʻohālikelike o nā mea MIMO me ka ʻole o ka papa MS a me ka papa MS: (a) S12, S14, S34 a me S32 a me (b) S13 a me S24.
Nā ʻōkuhi loaʻa hoʻokolohua o nā antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia me MS me ka ʻole a me: (a) S12, S14, S34 a me S32 a me (b) S13 a me S24.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka MIMO diagonal antenna ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka papa MS ma ke Kiʻi 16b. He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma waena o nā antenna diagonal me ka ʻole o ka metasurface (antennas 1 a me 3) ʻo - 15.6 dB ma waena o ka spectrum hana, a ʻo kahi metasurface me kahi backplane ʻo - 18 dB. ʻO ke ala metasurface e hōʻemi nui i nā hopena hoʻohui ma waena o nā antenna MIMO diagonal. ʻO ka insulation kiʻekiʻe loa no kahi metasurface one-layer he -37 dB, ʻoiai no ka metasurface papalua-papa e hāʻule kēia waiwai i -47 dB. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka metasurface me ka backplane keleawe ʻo −36.2 dB, e emi ana me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke alapine. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā metasurfaces hoʻokahi a me ka papalua ʻole me ka mokulele ʻole, ʻo nā metasurfaces me kahi backplane e hāʻawi i kahi kaʻawale ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma waena o ka laina alapine hana i makemake ʻia, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka pae 5G ma lalo o 6 GHz, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā Kiʻi 16a, b. Ma ka pūʻulu 5G kaulana loa a hoʻohana nui ʻia ma lalo o 6 GHz (3.5 GHz), he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā metasurfaces hoʻokahi a me ʻelua-papa ma waena o nā mea MIMO ma mua o nā metasurfaces me nā mokulele keleawe (aneane ʻaʻohe MS) (e ʻike i ke Kiʻi 16a), b). Hōʻike ʻia nā ana loaʻa ma nā kiʻi 17a, b, e hōʻike ana i ke kaʻawale ʻana o nā antenna pili (S12, S14, S34 a me S32) a me nā antenna diagonal (S24 a me S13), kēlā me kēia. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai kēia mau kiʻi (Fig. 17a, b), ʻae maikaʻi ka hoʻokaʻawale hoʻokolohua ma waena o nā mea MIMO me ka hoʻokaʻawale hoʻohālikelike. ʻOiai aia nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā helu CST i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a ana ʻia ma muli o nā hemahema o ka hana ʻana, nā pili port SMA a me nā poho uea. Eia kekahi, aia ka antenna a me MS reflector ma waena o nā spacers nylon, ʻo ia kekahi pilikia e pili ana i nā hopena i ʻike ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hopena simulation.
ua aʻo i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kēia manawa ma 5.5 GHz e noʻonoʻo i ke kuleana o nā metasurfaces i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hui ʻana ma o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka nalu ʻili42. Hōʻike ʻia ka mahele o kēia manawa o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 18, kahi i hoʻokele ʻia ai ka antenna 1 a hoʻopau ʻia ke koena o ka antenna me kahi ukana 50 ohm. Ke hoʻoikaika ʻia ka antenna 1, e ʻike ʻia nā ʻauwai hui nui ma nā antenna pili ma 5.5 GHz me ka ʻole o kahi metasurface, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 18a. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā metasurfaces, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 18b–d, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka kaʻawale ma waena o nā antenna pili. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻohui like ʻana o nā kahua pili ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke au o ka hui ʻana i nā apo pili o nā pūnaewele a me nā pūnaewele MS e pili ana ma ka papa MS ma nā kuhikuhi antiparallel. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kēia manawa mai nā antenna i hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻāpana MS he ala koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka kaʻawale ma waena o nā ʻāpana MIMO. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana MIMO, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Ma muli o ka laha nui ʻana o ke kahua hoʻohui i loko o ka mea, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka metasurface copper backplane i ka hui antenna MIMO ma mua o nā metasurfaces hoʻokahi a ʻelua-papa (Figure 18d). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka antenna MIMO i hoʻomohala ʻia he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa a me ka hoʻolaha ʻaoʻao, e hana ana i kahi ʻano radiation unidirectional, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka loaʻa o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia manawa o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia ma 5.5 GHz (a) me ka MC ʻole, (b) MC papa hoʻokahi, (c) MC papalua-papa, a (d) MC ʻāpana hoʻokahi me ka mokulele keleawe. (CST Studio Suite 2019).
I loko o ke alapine hana, hōʻike ka Figure 19a i nā lanakila i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a nānā ʻia o ka antenna MIMO i hoʻolālā ʻia me ka ʻole a me nā metasurfaces. ʻO ka loaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ka antenna MIMO me ka ʻole o ka metasurface ʻo 5.4 dBi, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 19a. Ma muli o ka hopena hui like ma waena o nā ʻāpana MIMO, ua loaʻa maoli ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia he 0.25 dBi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka antenna hoʻokahi. Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā metasurfaces ke hāʻawi i nā lanakila nui a me ka kaʻawale ma waena o nā ʻāpana MIMO. No laila, hiki i ka metasurface MIMO antenna ke hoʻokō i ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻia a hiki i 8.3 dBi. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 19a, ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi metasurface hoʻokahi ma ke kua o ka antenna MIMO, piʻi ka loaʻa ma 1.4 dBi. Ke pāpālua ʻia ka metasurface, piʻi ka loaʻa i ka 2.1 dBi, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 19a. Eia naʻe, loaʻa ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa o 8.3 dBi i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka metasurface me kahi backplane keleawe. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa no ka metasurfaces one-layer a me ka papalua-papa ʻo 6.8 dBi a me 7.5 dBi, ʻoiai ʻo ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa no ka metasurface lalo he 8.3 dBi. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao metasurface ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka antenna e hana ma ke ʻano he reflector, e hōʻike ana i ka radiation mai ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka antenna a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ratio mua-i-hope (F/B) o ka antenna MIMO i hoʻolālā ʻia. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mea hoʻonaninani MS impedance kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopunipuni i nā hawewe electromagnetic i loko o ka pae, a laila e hoʻokumu i ka resonance hou a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana radiation o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia. Hiki i ka MS reflector i kau ʻia ma hope o ka antenna MIMO hiki ke hoʻonui nui i ka loaʻa i loaʻa, i hōʻoia ʻia e nā hopena hoʻokolohua. ʻO nā loaʻa i ʻike ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ka prototype MIMO antenna i kūkulu ʻia ua aneane like, akā naʻe, i kekahi mau alapine, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana ma mua o ka loaʻa simulated, ʻoi aku no ka MIMO me ka ʻole o MS; ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa o ka loaʻa hoʻokolohua ma muli o ke ana ʻana o nā pads nylon, nā poho uwea, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana antenna. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka antenna MIMO me ka ʻole o ka metasurface he 5.8 dBi, aʻo ka metasurface me kahi backplane keleawe he 8.5 dBi. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻōnaehana antenna MIMO 4-port piha me MS reflector e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua a me nā helu.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike a me nā hopena hoʻokolohua o (a) ka loaʻa i loaʻa a (b) ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia me ka hopena metasurface.
Hōʻike ka kiʻi 19b i ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i manaʻo ʻia me ka ʻole a me nā mea hoʻohālikelike metasurface. Ma ke Kiʻi 19b, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā MS me ka backplane ma luna o 73% (i lalo i ka 84%). ʻO ka maikaʻi holoʻokoʻa o nā antenna MIMO i kūkulu ʻia me ka ʻole o MC a me MC ua aneane like me nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā waiwai simulated. ʻO nā kumu o kēia ke ana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā spacers ma waena o ka antenna a me ka mea hoʻonaninani MS. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa a me ka holomua holoʻokoʻa ma waena o ka alapine holoʻokoʻa ua aneane like me nā hopena simulation, e hōʻike ana i ka hana ʻana o ka prototype MIMO i manaʻo ʻia e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia a ua kūpono ka antenna MIMO i hoʻokumu ʻia e MS no nā kamaʻilio 5G. Ma muli o nā hewa i loko o nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua, aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hopena holoʻokoʻa o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua a me nā hopena o nā simulation. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hana o ka prototype i manaʻo ʻia e ka impedance mismatch ma waena o ka antenna a me ka mea hoʻohui SMA, nā poho coaxial cable splice, nā hopena kūʻai, a me ka kokoke o nā mea uila like ʻole i ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua.
Hōʻike ka Figure 20 i ka holomua o ka hoʻolālā a me ka holomua o ka antenna i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi kiʻi poloka. Hāʻawi kēia kiʻi poloka i kahi wehewehe ʻanuʻu o nā kumu hoʻolālā antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia, a me nā ʻāpana e pāʻani i ke kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka antenna e hoʻokō i ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe e koi ʻia a me ke kaʻawale kiʻekiʻe ma luna o kahi ākea hana.
Ua ana ʻia nā ana antenna MIMO kokoke i ka SATIMO Near-Field Experimental Environment ma ka UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 21a,b i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike E-plane a me H-plane i hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ka antenna MIMO i ʻōlelo ʻia me MS a ʻaʻohe MS ma ke alapine hana o 5.5 GHz. Ma ka laina alapine hana o 5.5 GHz, ua hoʻolako ʻia ka antenna non-MS MIMO i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻaoʻao lobe waiwai. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hōʻike manaʻo MS, hāʻawi ka antenna i ke ʻano unidirectional radiation a hoʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā lobes hope, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā Kiʻi 21a, b. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi metasurface me kahi backplane keleawe, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ke kumu antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia ma mua o ka ʻole o MS, me nā lobes haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka MM array reflector i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻemi i ka lobes hope a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka antenna a hoʻomaikaʻi hoʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona radiation ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kēia manawa i kahi kuhikuhi unidirectional (Fig. 21a, b), ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka loaʻa a me ka kuhikuhi. Ua loaʻa ke kumu hoʻoheheʻe i ana ʻia no ke awa 1 me kahi ukana 50 ohm i pili i nā awa i koe. Ua ʻike ʻia ua ʻaneʻane like ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe hoʻokolohua me ka CST i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ma muli o ke kuhi hewa ʻana o nā mea, ka noʻonoʻo ʻana mai nā awa kukū, a me nā poho o nā pili uwea. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi spacer nylon ma waena o ka antenna a me ka reflector MS, ʻo ia kekahi pilikia e pili ana i nā hopena i ʻike ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hopena wānana.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia ke ʻano radiation o ka antenna MIMO i kūkulu ʻia (me MS a me MS) ma ke alapine o 5.5 GHz.
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana he mea nui ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke awa a me kāna mau hiʻohiʻona i ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana MIMO. ʻIke ʻia ka hana ʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i manaʻo ʻia, me ka envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) a me diversity gain (DG), e hōʻike i ka ikaika o ka ʻōnaehana antenna MIMO i hoʻolālā ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ECC a me DG o kahi antenna MIMO e loiloi i kāna hana no ka mea he mau mea koʻikoʻi lākou o ka hana o kahi ʻōnaehana MIMO. E wehewehe nā ʻāpana aʻe i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona o ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia.
Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC). I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kekahi ʻōnaehana MIMO, hoʻoholo ʻo ECC i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā mea i hui pū kekahi me ko lākou mau waiwai kikoʻī. No laila, hōʻike ʻo ECC i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kahawai ma kahi pūnaewele kamaʻilio uila. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka ECC (envelope correlation coefficient) o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i hoʻomohala ʻia ma muli o nā S-parameter a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi mamao. Mai ka Eq. (7) a me (8) hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka ECC o ka MIMO antenna 31 i manaʻo ʻia.
Hōʻike ʻia ka coefficient noʻonoʻo e Sii a ʻo Sij e hōʻike ana i ka coefficient hoʻouna. Hāʻawi ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoheheʻe ʻekolu o nā antenna j-th a me i-th e nā ʻōlelo \(\vec{R}_{j} \left( {\theta ,\varphi } \right)\) a me \( \vec {{R_{ i } }} ʻO ka huina paʻa i hōʻike ʻia e \ hema ( {\theta ,\varphi } \ ʻākau)\) a me \({\Omega }\). Hōʻike ʻia ka pihi ECC o ka antenna i manaʻo ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 22a a ʻoi aku kona waiwai ma lalo o 0.004, aia ma lalo o ka waiwai ʻae ʻia o 0.5 no kahi ʻōnaehana uila. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka waiwai ECC, ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ʻōnaehana 4-port MIMO i manaʻo ʻia e hāʻawi i ka ʻokoʻa maikaʻi loa43.
ʻO Diversity Gain (DG) DG kekahi anana hoʻokō ʻōnaehana MIMO e wehewehe ana i ka pili ʻana o ka hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa i ka mana radiated. Hoʻoholo ka pilina (9) i ka DG o ka ʻōnaehana antenna MIMO e kūkulu ʻia ana, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana ma 31.
Hōʻike ka kiʻi 22b i ke kiʻi DG o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i manaʻo ʻia, kahi kokoke loa ka waiwai DG i 10 dB. ʻO nā waiwai DG o nā antenna āpau o ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i hoʻolālā ʻia ma mua o 9.98 dB.
Hoʻohālikelike ka Papa 1 i ka antenna MIMO metasurface i manaʻo ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana MIMO like hou i kūkulu ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻāpana hana like ʻole, me ka bandwidth, ka loaʻa, ka hoʻokaʻawale kiʻekiʻe, ka hana holoʻokoʻa, a me ka hana like ʻole. Ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā ʻano prototypes antenna MIMO me ka loaʻa a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻenehana ma 5, 44, 45, 46, 47. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hana i paʻi ʻia ma mua, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i manaʻo ʻia me nā mea hoʻonaninani metasurface e ʻoi aku iā lākou ma ke ʻano o ka bandwidth, loaʻa, a me ke kaʻawale. Hoʻohui ʻia, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā antenna like i hōʻike ʻia, hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana MIMO i kūkulu ʻia i ka hana like ʻole a me ka hana holoʻokoʻa ma kahi liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai ʻo nā antenna i wehewehe ʻia ma ka Pauku 5.46 he kiʻekiʻe ke kaʻawale ma mua o kā mākou mau antenna i manaʻo ʻia, ʻeha kēia mau antenna i ka nui nui, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, bandwidth haʻahaʻa, a me ka hana MIMO maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka antenna 4-port MIMO i manaʻo ʻia ma 45 e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi, akā ʻo kona hoʻolālā ʻana he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nui nui, a maikaʻi ʻole ka hana like ʻole. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana antenna liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i manaʻo ʻia ma 47 he haʻahaʻa loa ka loaʻa a me ka bandwidth hana, ʻoiai kā mākou ʻōnaehana MS 4-port MIMO i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, kiʻekiʻe loaʻa, kiʻekiʻe ka kaʻawale a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka MIMO. No laila, hiki i ka metasurface MIMO antenna ke lilo i mea hakakā nui no nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio sub-6 GHz 5G.
Manaʻo ʻia kahi antenna MIMO e kākoʻo ana i nā noi 5G ma lalo o 6 GHz. Hānai ka laina microstrip i kahi ʻāpana hoʻolinolino ʻehā, kahi i ʻoki ʻia e kahi huinahā ma nā kihi diagonal. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka MS a me ka antenna emitter ma luna o nā mea substrate e like me Rogers RT5880 e hoʻokō i ka hana maikaʻi loa i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio 5G kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike ka MIMO antenna i ka laulā ākea a me ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe, a hāʻawi i kahi kaʻawale kani ma waena o nā mea MIMO a me ka hana maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka antenna hoʻokahi i hoʻomohala ʻia he 0.58?0.58?0.02? me ka 5 × 5 metasurface array, hāʻawi i ka laulā 4.56 GHz bandwidth hana, 8 dBi peak loaʻa a me ka maikaʻi i ana ʻia. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka antenna MIMO ʻehā-port (2 × 2 array) e ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēlā me kēia antenna hoʻokahi i manaʻo ʻia me kahi antenna ʻē aʻe me nā ana o 1.05λ × 1.05λ × 0.02λ. Manaʻo ʻia e hōʻuluʻulu i kahi ʻāpana 10 × 10 MM ma lalo o kahi antenna MIMO kiʻekiʻe 12mm, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana a hoʻemi i ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā mea MIMO, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka loaʻa a me ke kaʻawale. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua a me ka hoʻohālikelike e hiki ke hana i ka prototype MIMO i kūkulu ʻia ma kahi ākea ākea o 3.08-7.75 GHz, e uhi ana i ka spectrum 5G ma lalo o 6 GHz. Eia kekahi, hoʻomaikaʻi ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia e MS i kona loaʻa ʻana ma ka 2.9 dBi, e loaʻa ana ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe o 8.3 dBi, a hāʻawi i kahi kaʻawale maikaʻi loa (> 15.5 dB) ma waena o nā mea MIMO, e hōʻoia ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana o MS. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka antenna MIMO i manaʻo ʻia he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pono holoʻokoʻa o 82% a me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa inter-element o 22 mm. Hōʻike ka antenna i ka hana ʻokoʻa MIMO maikaʻi loa me DG kiʻekiʻe loa (ma luna o 9.98 dB), ECC haʻahaʻa loa (emi ma lalo o 0.004) a me ke ʻano hoʻohālike unidirectional radiation. Ua like loa nā hopena ana me nā hopena hoʻohālike. Ke hōʻoia nei kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e hiki i ka ʻōnaehana antenna MIMO ʻehā i hoʻomohala ʻia he koho kūpono no nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio 5G ma ke kikowaena sub-6 GHz.
Hiki iā Cowin ke hāʻawi iā 400-6000MHz wideband PCB antenna, a kākoʻo i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā antenna hou e like me kāu koi, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona mai iā mākou me ka kānalua ʻole inā he noi kāu.